Раздел 9. Глаголы
(продолжение)
Продолжая решать нашу главную цель, а
именно, построение английских предложений, приведем таблицу, с помощью которой
можно будет, основываясь на том или ином типе глагола, строить ту или иную
конструкцию предложения. Глаголы, как известно, могут быть переходными или не переходными,
в изъявительном и сослагательном наклонении, умственного восприятия,
физического восприятия, мысли и т.д. Практически, конструкция каждого
предложения всецело зависит от типа глагола и часто она может быть только
единственной для данного типа глагола, в противном случае, Вам будет грозить
непонимание со стороны собеседника.
Таблица 12
№№ |
Подлежащее
+ личный глагол / It+глагол-связка |
Предлог
после глаголов |
Прямое
дополнение / существительное или местоимение / именная часть сказуемого |
Остальная
часть предложения |
Тип
употребляемых глаголов или конкретные глаголы |
1 |
I know |
|
your name |
|
Все переходные глаголы |
He cut |
|
his finger |
|
||
She smiled |
|
her thanks |
|
||
Have you had |
|
breakfast |
|
||
2 |
I forgot |
|
|
to post the letters |
attempt, begin, commence, dare, decide, learn, prefer, etc. |
He has refused |
|
|
to help us |
||
I shall have |
|
|
to go |
||
3 |
I do not want |
|
anyone |
to know |
advise, allow, ask, beg, expect, want, etc. |
Who taught |
|
her |
to swim |
||
4 |
They proved |
|
him |
wrong |
глаголы мысли
и умственного восприятия:
acknowledge, believe, consider, declare, feel, show, suspect, understand,
etc. |
Do you think |
|
him |
a good worker |
||
I should guess |
|
her |
to be about fit |
||
I think |
|
it a pity |
you didn’t try harder |
||
I count |
|
it an honour |
to serve you |
||
5 |
Watch |
|
that boy |
jump |
глаголы физического
восприятия: fell, hear, listen to, look at, notice,
see, watch |
We felt |
|
the house |
shake |
||
I like to hear |
|
her |
sing |
||
They made |
|
me |
do it |
глаголы не физического восприятия: bid, help, know, let,make. |
|
I will let |
|
you |
have news |
||
I will have |
|
you |
know that |
have (хотелось,
желать) можно применять want, wish, like |
|
She likes to have |
|
the house |
look clean and tidy |
||
6 |
I saw |
|
the thief |
running away |
глаголы физического
восприятия fell, hear observe, smell, etc. |
I heard |
|
him |
giving orders |
||
Did you notice |
|
anyone |
standing near the door |
||
I found |
|
him |
working at his desk |
глаголы не физического восприятия catch, get, keep, start,etc |
|
Keep |
|
the ball |
rolling |
||
I cant have |
|
you |
doing that |
have (позволить,
допустить) |
|
7 |
Can you push |
|
the door |
open |
bake, boil, burn, colour, cry, cut, drive, dye, eat, fill, find, get,
hold, keep, like, make, paint, render, see, set, sleep, turn, wash, wipe,
wish. |
The cat licked |
|
the saucer |
clear |
||
She boiled |
|
the egg |
hard |
||
I found |
|
the box |
empty |
||
He wished |
|
himself |
dead |
||
8 |
They named |
|
the ship |
«Qeen Mary» |
appoint, call, choose, crown, elect, find, leave, make, name, nickname,
style |
Call |
|
it |
What you will |
||
The elected |
|
Mr. Grey |
chairman |
||
9 |
I want |
|
this work |
finished quickly |
feel, find, hear, like, make, prefer, see, want, wish |
I heard |
|
my name |
called |
||
He felt |
|
himself |
lifted up |
||
I must get |
|
my hair |
cut |
have, get (действие
совершается кем-то другим) |
|
We shall have |
|
the house |
painted |
have (испытать,
владеть) |
|
She has had |
|
her handbag |
stolen |
||
10 |
I cant get |
|
this nail |
out |
почти все переходные глаголы |
Put |
|
your hat |
on |
||
Take |
|
your coat |
off |
||
Put |
|
|
your other hat |
||
He gave |
|
|
every penny he had |
||
I found |
|
the book |
under the desk |
||
We took |
|
the children |
for a walk |
||
I sent |
|
Tom |
to buy some stamps |
инфинитивные обороты |
|
I did |
|
it |
to please my wife |
||
I shall need |
|
only an hour |
to finish the job |
||
He brought |
|
his brother |
to see me |
||
11 |
I suppose |
|
|
that you will be there |
глаголы не физического восприятия acknowledge, admit,think, etc. |
We all hope |
|
|
you’ll be able to come |
||
I expect |
|
|
heel be late |
||
The telegram says |
|
|
that they have reached Rome |
||
He admitted |
|
to employer |
that he had made a mistake |
admit, contest, explain, suggest |
|
We explained |
|
to everyone present |
that the delay was inevitable |
||
I believe |
|
|
so |
believe, expect, hear, hope, notice, say, see, suppose, think |
|
I don`t think |
|
|
so |
||
12 |
Did he warn |
|
you |
that he might be late |
warn, tell, remind, inform, teach, satisfied, assure, promise |
We satisfied |
|
ourselves |
that all the doors and windows were secure |
||
13 |
I wonder |
|
|
how to get there |
ask, consider, decide, discover, forget, guess, hear, inquire, know,
learn, observe, see, settle, tell, think, wonder, understand |
Do you know |
|
|
how to do it |
||
I forget |
|
|
where to turn off the main road |
||
We must find out |
|
|
what to do next |
||
Remember |
|
|
when to turn |
||
14 |
I showed |
|
them |
how to do it |
show, tell, ask, inform, teach |
Please tell |
|
me |
which to take |
||
15 |
Nobody will believe |
|
|
how difficult this work has been |
believe, wonder, say, know, imagine, decide, suggest, ask, discover,
discuss, show, tell |
I wonder |
|
|
why he hasn’t come |
||
I wonder |
|
|
what it is |
||
I will ask |
|
|
when the train leaves |
||
16 |
Tell |
|
me |
what this is |
tell, ask, inform, show, teach |
Everyone told |
|
us |
how well you played |
||
17 |
Please stop |
|
|
talking |
admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, fear, finish, etc. |
Don’t give up |
|
|
trying |
|
|
Why don’t you stop |
|
|
smoking |
|
|
She likes |
|
|
swimming |
bear, begin, continue, dislike, hate, like, love, mean, prefer, regret |
|
He began |
|
|
Talking |
|
|
I hate |
|
|
Refusing every time |
|
|
My shoes want |
|
|
Mending |
|
|
Your work needs |
|
|
correcting |
|
|
18 |
He read |
|
The letter |
To all his frends |
Allow, award, bring, deny, do, fetch, give, hand, lend, offer, ets. |
He sold |
|
His car |
To a man from leeds |
|
|
I still owe |
|
Money |
To my tailor |
|
|
She bought |
|
A dictionary |
For her brother |
Bring, buy, cash, choose, cook, do, get, leave, make, order, paint, play,
reach, save, spare. |
|
She has made |
|
Coffee |
For all of us |
|
|
She ordered |
|
A new dress |
For herself |
|
|
We condgratulated |
|
Him |
On his success |
|
|
He spends |
|
a lot of money |
on books |
|
|
What prevented |
|
you |
from coming earlier |
|
|
Thank |
|
you |
for your kind help |
|
|
I must remind |
|
him |
about it |
|
|
She reminds |
|
me |
of her mother |
|
|
I explained |
|
my difficulty |
to him |
|
|
I explained |
to |
him |
the impossibility of granting his request |
|
|
We heard |
from |
Jones |
all about his sister’s escape |
|
|
I must leave |
it to |
your own judgement |
to decide whether you should come or not |
|
|
We owe |
it to |
society |
to help in the apprehension of criminals |
|
|
19 |
He handed |
|
|
you the money |
те же, что и 18а |
You must write |
|
|
her a letter |
те же, что и в 18б |
|
Will you buy |
|
|
me some |
||
He ordered |
|
|
himself a good dinner |
||
We asked |
|
him |
several questions |
||
I envy |
|
you |
your fine garden |
||
20 |
We walked |
|
|
five miles |
Непереходные глаголы, особенно
движения: go, etc. |
They had come |
|
|
a long way |
||
The work took |
|
them |
three hours |
||
21 |
We all eat |
|
|
безо всяких дополнений и
обстоятельств |
Совершенно
непереходные глаголы |
The sun was shining |
|
|
|
||
Who cares |
|
|
|
||
There was no wind |
|
|
подлежащее неопределено |
||
There won’t be enough time |
|
|
|
||
There is a man to see you |
|
|
|
||
It would seem that Mr. Grey wants to retire |
|
|
подлежащее - инфинитивный оборот |
||
It happened that I was out of London at the time |
|
|
|
||
22 |
This is |
|
a book |
Именная часть сказуемого- существительное, местоимение или прилагательное |
be |
Everything is |
|
as it should be |
|
||
What age is he |
|
|
|
||
The war is |
|
over |
Именная часть сказуемого - наречие |
||
Is he |
|
in love |
|
||
Are you |
|
in a hurry |
|
||
This house is |
|
to let |
Именная часть сказуемого -
инфинитивный оборот |
||
Who is |
|
to blame |
|
||
It is |
|
easy |
to do that |
||
It is |
|
a pity |
to waste it |
||
It is |
|
no use |
your trying to do that |
||
It is |
|
foolish |
behaving like that |
||
It was |
|
a pity |
that you couldn’t come |
||
Is it |
|
true |
that he is going to retire next year |
||
It was |
|
hard |
for him to live on his small pension |
||
It was |
|
the rule |
for men and women to sit apart |
||
He seemed |
|
suprised at the news |
|
seem, appear |
|
This appears to be |
|
the only exception to the rule |
|
||
It seemed |
|
useless |
to go on |
||
It appears |
|
unlikely |
that we shall arrive in time |
||
The leaves are turning |
|
brown |
|
Другие непереходные глаголы,
которые можно применять в качестве связок, также инхоативные
глаголы |
|
The dinner smells |
|
good |
|
||
Silk feels |
|
soft and smooth |
|
||
Please keep |
|
quit |
|
||
He went |
|
mad |
|
||
He fell |
|
in love |
|
||
23 |
Come |
|
in |
|
непереходные |
We must turn |
|
back |
|
||
It looks |
|
like rain |
|
||
There are three windows |
|
in this room |
|
||
There are many churches |
|
there |
|
||
Here it is |
|
|
|
||
Here you are |
|
|
|
||
24 |
You can rely |
upon |
that man |
|
|
He succeeded |
in |
solving the problem |
|
||
Listen |
to |
what I have to say |
|
||
I rely |
upon |
|
you to be discreet |
||
I will arrange |
for |
|
a taxi to meet you |
||
I agree |
|
|
that it was a mistake |
||
He insists |
|
|
that he was nowhere near the scene of the crime |
||
I don’t care |
|
|
where you go |
||
Don’t worry |
about |
|
how the money was spent |
||
25 |
We stopped |
|
|
to have a rest |
непереходные |
He came |
|
|
to see that he was mistaken |
||
The good old days have gone |
|
|
never to return |
||
I fail |
|
|
to see what you mean |
||
I chanced |
|
|
to meet him in the park |
||
He was |
|
|
never to see his wife |
||
It’s going |
|
|
to rain soon |
||
I’m going |
|
|
to finish this work |
9.2. Три неличные формы глагола. Verbals.
В английском языке существует целый ряд конструкций: причастных,
герундиальных и инфинитивных оборотов, как бы готовых формул речи. Они выражают
стремление английского языка к компакности,
непрерывности, слитности фразы. Стремление к слитности
особенно проявляется в тех случаях, когда главное предложение вклинивается
внутрь придаточного или придаточное – внутрь главного, часто без союза. When do you think he’ll come. Для того, чтобы создавать такие конструкции, существуют неличные
формы глагола
К ним относятся:
инфинитив, герундий, причастие.
Инфинитив - одна из трех неличных форм
глагола.
Самые простые примеры:
I am glad to see you.
To swim is pleasant.
Indeed to know him is to love him.
Частица to в инфинитиве опускается после модальных глаголов, после глаголов: to make, to let.
Наиболее сложным в английском языке
является применение инфинитивных оборотов. это весьма своеобразный и изящный способ конструирования
английских предложений, заменяющих сложноподчиненные предложения. Очень часто
применяется, экономит слова в предложении. Применяется после некоторых, но
очень распространенных глаголов и представляет собой сочетание личных
местоимений в объектном падеже (см. таблицу 4) или существительных с инфинитивом.
Такие обороты переводятся на русский придаточным предложением:
Рассмотрим наиболее распространенный оборот.
«Оборот с инфинитивом»
Сведем все возможные
случаи в таблицу:
Таблица 13.
№№ |
Применение |
Пример |
Перевод |
1 |
С глаголами, выражающими желание и
глаголом to expect |
They expect him to leave tomorrow. |
Они ожидали, что он уедет завтра |
2 |
С глаголами, выражающими воссприятие органами чувств to see, to watch, to hear |
I saw him cross the street (В этихслучаях частица to опускается |
Я видел, как он перешел улицу. |
3 |
С глаголами, выражающими приказ. просьбу, разрешение |
He allowed the windows to be opened |
Он разрешил, чтобы окно открыли. |
Другой оборот:
«Именной оборот с
инфинитивом» (сложное дополнение)
Приведем примеры в
таблице:
Таблица 14.
№№ |
Применение |
Пример |
Перевод |
1 |
При сказуемых в страдательном
залоге. выраженных
глаголами to say,to report, to know |
He is said to live in Moscow |
Говорят, что он живет в Москве. |
|
При сказумом
в действительном залоге, выраженном глаголами:to seem, to appear, to happen |
He seems to know English well |
Он, кажется, хорошо знает
английский. |
|
При сказуемом, выраженном
прилагательными: likely,unlikely с глаголом-связкой. |
They are likely to come soon |
Они, вероятно, скоро придут. |
9.2.2. Герундий. Gerund.
Подобного явления нет в русском языке, сочетает в себе свойства глагола со
свойствами имени существительного. Образуется от любого глагола + ing:
He likes reading.
Может употребляться
после предлогов:
He sent her a telegram instead of sending a letter.
Имеет формы времени и
залога:
He likes being asked question.
9.2.3. Различия между инфинитивом и герундием
После глаголов to stop, to like, to love, to hate, to remember, to
forget, to mean, to regret может употребляться как герундий, так и инфинитив. Однако нужно различать: герундий - это действие
вообще.
When he saw his father enter the room he stopped smoking. - Когда он увидел, что отец вошел в комнату, он перестал курить.
Before entering his father’s cottage he stopped to smoke. - Прежде чем войти в дом отца, он остановился покурить.
9.2.4. Причастие. Participle.
Английское причастие
необходимо в предложении как определение или обстоятельство.
Формы причастия сведены
в таблице:
Таблица 15
Participle |
Active |
Passive |
Present |
asking |
being asked |
Past |
asked |
asked |
Perfect |
having asked |
having been asked |
P.P.A. применяется для замены русских причастий,
оканчивающихся на -щий или деепричастий на -а (-я)
The rising sun was hidden by the clouds (определение)
Waiting for a tram, I saw Comrade D.
P.P.P. - для замены русских причастий, оканчивающихся на -мый, -нный.
There are very many illustrated magazines in our
reading room.
Perfect Participle Active - для замены деепричастий на -в (-я)
Having lost the key, he couldn’t enter the room.
Для обозначения функции
сложного обстоятельства применяются самостоятельные причастные обороты:
The sun having risen, they continued their way.
I saw him running.
Причем, такой оборот
отличается от инфинитивного оборота I saw him run тем, что причастный оборот выражает длительный
характер действия, а инфинитив - законченное действие:
I saw him crossing the street - Я видел, как он переходил улицу.
I saw him cross the street - Я видел, как он перешел улицу.